Diabetic Health: Diabetes Mellitus, Prevention, Clinical Presentation, Common Symptoms & Treatment

Diabetes became seriously disease that has been facing the world and causing health hazards from around the world.

According to WHO (1999), diabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterised by chronic metabolic disorder known as hyperglycemia resulting from complete or relative deficiency of insulin or insulin resistance.

However, IDF (2017), 516 million people were affected and is projected to affect 1.1 Billion people by 2045.

Diabetes mellitus is divided into four classifications:

1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM);

2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM);

3. Gestational diabetes Mellitus (GDM);

4. Secondary Diabetes Mellitus (SDM).

      Prevention Of Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1:

1. Primary prevention: this starts in an early childhood by avoiding immune activation against the islet cells;

2. Secondary prevention: this is good even to individuals who are at risk (humoral presence or metabolic makers). This limiting the progression to diabetes;

3. Tertiary prevention: this is introduced to newly diagnosed people, targeted at prolonging residual Beta cell function. Example: immunosuppressive therapy.

Type 2:

1. The onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus can be delayed or even prevented in people at high risk (people with IFG, IGT or both) is called prediabetes;

2. Moderate weight loss (7% body weight), regular exercise or physical activities (150mm/week) dietary modification such as intake of dietary figer, calories and fat.

Presentation Of Diabetes Mellitus In Clinics

Normally diabetes known in the following situations:

1. Incidentally: in the routine investigations especially where there is no any diabetic symptoms;

2. Presentation of the symptoms with or without complications;

3. General presentation of symptoms;

4. Diabetes complication for the first time.

Most people at high risk up to 50% of them with T2DM don't show and were undiagnosed for many years. As a result, people need to go for screening especially those with risk factors:

1. Those with family history of diabetes from parents, siblings;

2. Obesed people or over weight (BMI greater or equal to 25.0kg/m2);

3. Those with previous history of prediabetes (IFG, IGT);

4. Previous history of gestational diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome or delivery of a baby with weight greater or equal to 4kg;

5. Exercise or physical activity;

6. Race and age older than 45year;

7. Hypertension greater or equal to 140/90mmHg or antihypertensive therapy;

8. Cardiovascular disease resistance include coronary artery disease, peripheral vasculet disease;

9. Or any condition associated with insulin resistance like severe obesity and acanthosis nigricans;

10. Dyslipidemia (TG > 150mg/dL, HDL < 40mg/dL for men  and <50mg/dL for women).

Common Symptoms Of Diabetes Mellitus

The symptoms vary, similar in both type 1&2 but there is difference in intensity.

Type 1 symptoms in most cases severe with rapid onset while type 2 has mild and slowly developed.

According to DAN (2013), the symptoms during diagnosis include:

1. Polyutia: this is a passage of > litres of urine per day especially at night (Nocturia);

2. Polydipsia: this is explained by the excessive drinking of water or liquid;

3. Polyphagia: this is explained by the excessive urge to eat;

4. Unexpected weight loss due to excessive utilisation of fat and protein as alternative source of energy;

5. Recurrent Infection: such as candidiasis, respiratory infection, urinary tract infection, boils, etc. Occurs due to defects in immune  function;

6. Eye Symptoms: ranging from blurring of vision to cataract formation and blindness;

7. Poor obstetric history (irregular mensuration, reduced fertility, etc);

8. Foot sepsis/gangrene;

9. Erectile Dysfunction, etc.

                          Treatment 

Consult professional medical doctor for immediate treatment to avoid high risk.

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