Ottoman's Empire: The Rise and Fall of Ottoman's Empire

The first major victory of Ottoman over Byzantine imperial armies on 27th July, 1302 at the plain of Bapheus and marked the beginning of future of Ottoman conquest.

After the Ottoman conquests of Bilecice, Yar-Hisar, Inegol and Yenisehir, claiming the indepence from Seljukes in 1299, Ottoman proceeded to expand besieged the former Byzantine capital city of Nicaea (Iznik). 

As a result of this in 1302, The Emperor of Byzantine Andronikos 2 Palaiologos sent son and co-emperor Michael IX to relieve the city but he was blockaded by Ottoman and his fellow warriors, forced Michael IX to closed escape option.

In July, 1302, the Andronikos 2 sent an army under George Mouzalon to fight Ottoman, both sides met at the plain of Bapheus near Nicomedia. Successfully Ottoman won the battle forcing the Byzantine to withdraw to Nicomedia, Byzantines effectively lost control of the country side of Bithymia, this allowed the Ottoman gradually annex it.

The contemporary Byzantine chronicler pachymeras described how news Ottoman's victories spreaded and attracted Turks from other areas of western Anatolia joined his force to become strong enough to defeat a Byzantine's armies near Nicomedia.

In his write-up, Inalcik says, at time when Mehmed the conqueror's alimed universal empire had become a dynastic assertion to primacy among the states to the East and West, Ottoman used the victory at Bapheus ad the dynasty's legitimation to imperial sovereignty. This victory allowed the Ottoman to achieve the qualities and characteristics of a state. The Byzantine emperor, Andronikos 2 refused to accept the loss of his territory to the Ottoman's control.

The signing of the treaty of the 600 years Ottoman's Empire formally came to end on 24th July, 1923 with the name "Treaty Of Lausanne" was signed by Turkey and the Allied powers that fought in world war 1.

The armistice of Mudros marked the defeat and the end of the participation of the Ottoman's Empire in WW1 on 30th October, 1918. In the aftermath the allied powers started occupying the Ottoman's territories on 12th November, 1918.

The allied powers wanted to dissolve the empire. As a result of Sevres was signed on 10th August, 1920 which sought the abolish the empire and partition its territories. The treaty severe terms was still under discussion , the Turkish national movement under leadership of Mustapha Kemal Pasha set up a "Turkish Grand National Assembly " in Ankara on April, 1920 and split it from the Ottoman government of Istanbul.

Meanwhile, the Greeks army had already began a military operation in Anatolia to force the empire to accept the treaty but Turkish Victory led by Mustapha Kemal in the Turkish war of independence compelled Greece to sign the ceasefire of Mudanya on 11th October, 1922. The agreement ended the war bTurkeyethem (Turkeye, Greece and Allied powers). Base on the condition on the agreement, the Greeks were to leave the Eastern Thrace.

After Mudanya agreemnet, the peace process once again began with allies' invitation to governments of both Istanbul and Ankara to send representatives to a peace conference but the Grand National Assembly of Ankara responded by dissolving the Ottoman's sultanate on 1st November, 1922.

Then, the Turkish National Assembly selected all Turkish representatives  for the conference officially flagged out on 20th November,1922.

The treaty of Lausanne was officially signed on 24th July, 1923 and culminating the occupation of Istanbul. The last mob of allies departed from the city on 4th October, 1923.

Turkeye had also gave up its former Arab provinces and recognised British ownership of Cyprus and Italian ownership of Dodecanese. This treaty led to the International recognition of the sovereignty of the new republic of Tukeye. This republic of Turkeye was declared on 29th October, 1923 with Mustapha Kemal Atatürk as its first president.

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